The intuitive algorithm
Roger Penrose considered it impossible. Thinking could never imitate a computer process. He said as much in his book, The Emperor's New Mind. But, a new book, The Intuitive Algorithm, (IA), suggested that intuition was a pattern recognition process. Intuition propelled information through many neural regions like a lightning streak. Data moved from input to output in a reported 20 milliseconds. The mind saw, recognized, interpreted and acted. In the blink of an eye. Myriad processes converted light, sound, touch and smell instantly into your nerve impulses. A dedicated region recognized those impulses as objects and events. The limbic system, another region, interpreted those events to generate emotions. A fourth region responded to those emotions with actions. The mind perceived, identified, evaluated and acted. Intuition got you off the hot stove in a fraction of a second. And it could be using a simple algorithm.
Is instant holistic evaluation impossible?
The system, with over a hundred billion neurons, processed the information from input to output in just half a second. All your knowledge was evaluated. Walter Freeman, the famous neurobiologist, defined this amazing ability. "The cognitive guys think it's just impossible to keep throwing everything you've got into the computation every time. But, that is exactly what the brain does. Consciousness is about bringing your entire history to bear on your next step, your next breath, your next moment." The mind was holistic. It evaluated all its knowledge for the next activity. How could so much information be processed so quickly? Where could such knowledge be stored?
Exponential growth of the search path
Unfortunately, the recognition of subtle patterns posed formidable problems for computers. The difficulty was an exponential growth of the recognition search path. The problems in the diagnosis of diseases was typical. Normally, many shared symptoms were presented by a multitude of diseases. For example, pain, or fever could be indicated for many diseases. Each symptom pointed to several diseases. The problem was to recognize a single pattern among many overlapping patterns. When searching for the target disease, the first selected ailment with the first presented symptom could lack the second symptom. This meant back and forth searches, which expanded exponentially as the database of diseases increased in size. That made the process absurdly long drawn – theoretically, even years of search, for extensive databases. So, in spite of their incredible speed, rapid pattern recognition on computers could never be imagined.
The Intuitive Algorithm
But, industry strength pattern recognition was feasible. IA introduced an algorithm, which could instantly recognize patterns in extended databases. The relationship of each member of the whole database was coded for each question.
(Is pain a symptom of the disease?)
Disease1Y, Disease2N, Disease3Y, Disease 4Y, Disease5N, Disease6N, Disease7Y, Disease8N, Disease9N, Disease10N, Disease11Y, Disease12Y, Disease13N, Disease14U, Disease15Y, Disease16N, Disease17Y, Disease18N, Disease19N, Disease20N, Disease21N, Disease22Y, Disease23N, Disease24N, Disease25U, Disease26N, Disease27N, Disease28U, Disease27Y, Disease30N, Disease31U, Disease32Y, Disease33Y, Disease34U, Disease35N, Disease36U, Disease37Y, Disease38Y, Disease39U, Disease40Y, Disease41Y, Disease42U, Disease43N, Disease44U, Disease45Y, Disease46N, Disease47N, Disease48Y,
(Y = Yes: N = No: U = Uncertain)
The key was to use elimination to evaluate the database, not selection. Every member of the database was individually coded for elimination in the context of each answer.
(Is pain a symptom of the disease? Answer: YES)
Disease1Y, xxxxxxN, Disease3Y, Disease4Y, xxxxxx5N, xxxxxx6N, Disease7Y, xxxxxx8N, xxxxxx9N, xxxxxx0N, Disease11Y, Disease12Y, xxxxxx13N, Disease14U, Disease15Y, xxxxxx16N, Disease17Y, xxxxxx18N, xxxxxx19N, xxxxxx20N, xxxxxx21N, Disease22Y, xxxxxx23N, xxxxxx24N, Disease25U, xxxxxx26N, xxxxxx27N, Disease28U, Disease27Y, xxxxxx30N, Disease31U, Disease32Y, Disease33Y, Disease34U, xxxxxx35N, Disease36U, Disease37Y, Disease38Y, Disease39U, Disease40Y, Disease41Y, Disease42U, xxxxxx43N, Disease 44U, Disease45Y, xxxxxx46N, xxxxxx47N, Disease 48Y,
(All "N" Diseases eliminated.)
For disease recognition, if an answer indicated a symptom, IA eliminated all diseases devoid of the symptom. Every answer eliminated, narrowing the search to reach diagnosis.
(Is pain a symptom of the disease? Answer: NO)
xxxxxx1Y, Disease2N, xxxxxx3Y, xxxxxx4Y, Disease5N, Disease6N, xxxxxx7Y, Disease8N, Disease9N, Disease10N, xxxxxx11Y, xxxxx12Y, Disease13N, Disease14U, xxxxxx15Y, Disease16N, xxxxxx17Y, Disease18N, Disease19N, Disease20N, Disease21N, xxxxxx22Y, Disease23N, Disease24N, Disease25U, Disease26N, Disease27N, Disease28U, xxxxxx27Y, Disease30N, Disease31U, xxxxxx32Y, xxxxxx33Y, Disease34U, Disease35N, Disease36U, xxxxxx37Y, xxxxxx38Y, Disease39U, xxxxxx40Y, xxxxxx41Y, Disease42U, Disease43N, Disease 44U, xxxxxx45Y, Disease46N, Disease47N, xxxxxx48Y,
(All "Y" Diseases eliminated.)
If the symptom was absent, IA eliminated all diseases which always exhibited the symptom. Diseases, which randomly presented the symptom were retained in both cases. So the process handled uncertainty – the “Maybe” answer, which normal computer programs could not handle.
(A sequence of questions narrows down to Disease29 - the answer.)
xxxxxx1Y, xxxxxx2N, xxxxxx3Y, xxxxxx4Y, xxxxxx5N, xxxxxx6N, xxxxxx7Y, xxxxxx8N, xxxxxx9N, xxxxxx10N, xxxxxx11Y, xxxxxx12Y, xxxxxx13N, xxxxxx14U, xxxxxx15Y, xxxxxx16N, xxxxxx17Y,xxxxxx18N, xxxxxx19N, xxxxxx20N, xxxxxx21N, xxxxxx22Y, xxxxxx23N, xxxxxx24N, xxxxxx25U, xxxxxx26N, xxxxxx27N, xxxxxx28U, Disease29Y, xxxxxx30N, xxxxxx31U, xxxxxx32Y, xxxxxx33Y, xxxxxx34U, xxxxxx35N, xxxxxx36U, xxxxxx37Y, xxxxxx38Y, xxxxxx39U, xxxxxx40Y, xxxxxx41Y, xxxxxx42U, xxxxxx43N, xxxxxx44U, xxxxxx45Y, xxxxxx46N, xxxxxx47N, xxxxxx48Y.
(If all diseases are eliminated, the disease is unknown.)
Instant pattern recognition
IA was proved in practice. It had powered Expert Systems acting with the speed of a simple recalculation on a spreadsheet, to recognize a disease, identify a case law or diagnose the problems of a complex machine. It was instant, holistic, and logical. If several parallel answers could be presented, as in the multiple parameters of a power plant, recognition was instant. For the mind, where millions of parameters were simultaneously presented, real time pattern recognition was practical. And elimination was the key.
Elimination = Switching off
Elimination was switching off - inhibition. Nerve cells were known to extensively inhibit the activities of other cells to highlight context. With access to millions of sensory inputs, the nervous system instantly inhibited – eliminated trillions of combinations to zero in on the right pattern. The process stoutly used "No" answers. If a patient did not have pain, thousands of possible diseases could be ignored. If a patient could just walk into the surgery, a doctor could overlook a wide range of illnesses. But, how could this process of elimination be applied to nerve cells? Where could the wealth of knowledge be stored?
Combinatorial coding
The mind received kaleidoscopic combinations of millions of sensations. Of these, smells were reported to be recognized through a combinatorial coding process, where nerve cells recognized combinations. If a nerve cell had dendritic inputs, identified as A, B, C and so on to Z, it could then fire, when it received inputs at ABC, or DEF. It recognized those combinations. The cell could identify ABC and not ABD. It would be inhibited for ABD. This recognition process was recently reported by science for olfactory neurons. In the experiment scientists reported that even slight changes in chemical structure activated different combinations of receptors. Thus, octanol smelled like oranges, but the similar compound octanoic acid smelled like sweat. A Nobel Prize acknowledged that discovery in 2004.
Galactic nerve cell memories
Combinatorial codes were extensively used by nature. The four "letters" in the genetic code – A, C, G and T – were used in combinations for the creation of a nearly infinite number of genetic sequences. IA discusses the deeper implications of this coding discovery. Animals could differentiate between millions of smells. Dogs could quickly sniff a few footprints of a person and determine accurately which way the person was walking. The animal's nose could detect the relative odour strength difference between footprints only a few feet apart, to determine the direction of a trail. Smell was identified through remembered combinations. If a nerve cell had just 26 inputs from A to Z, it could receive millions of possible combinations of inputs. The average neuron had thousands of inputs. For IA, millions of nerve cells could give the mind galactic memories for combinations, enabling it to recognize subtle patterns in the environment. Each cell could be a single member of a database, eliminating itself (becoming inhibited) for unrecognized combinations of inputs.
Elimination the key
Elimination was the special key, which evaluated vast combinatorial memories. Medical texts reported that the mind had a hierarchy of intelligences, which performed dedicated tasks. For example, there was an association region, which recognized a pair of scissors using the context of its feel. If you injured this region, you could still feel the scissors with your eyes closed, but you would not recognize it as scissors. You still felt the context, but you would not recognize the object. So, intuition could enable nerve cells in association regions to use perception to recognize objects. Medical research reported many such recognition regions.
Serial processing
A pattern recognition algorithm, intuition enabled the finite intelligences in the minds of living things to respond holistically within the 20 millisecond time span. These intelligences acted serially. The first intelligence converted the kaleidoscopic combinations of sensory perceptions from the environment into nerve impulses. The second intelligence recognized these impulses as objects and events. The third intelligence translated the recognized events into feelings. A fourth translated feelings into intelligent drives. Fear triggered an escape drive. A deer bounded away. A bird took flight. A fish swam off. While the activities of running, flying and swimming differed, they achieved the same objective of escaping. Inherited nerve cell memories powered those drives in context.
The mind – seamless pattern recognition
Half a second for a 100 billion nerve cells to use context to eliminate irrelevance and deliver motor output. The time between the shadow and the scream. So, from input to output, the mind was a seamless pattern recognition machine, powered by the key secret of intuition – contextual elimination, from massive acquired and inherited combinatorial memories in nerve cells.
Sunday, August 9, 2009
Sunday, May 3, 2009
first computer invented
Phishing: Threat raze to the ground - Severe. Phishing is a fashion of Internet fraud to facilitate aims at uniqueness theft. It's single-mindedness is to filch dear in sequence such as credit cards, collective confidence numbers, abuser IDs and passwords.
A phishing spot is a duplicate of a legitimate site and it is fashioned to con users into sorting in and as a result stealing private information. Many phishing scams are perpetrated via dimension emails which alert the customer to about problem through your patron account or round about new hook, frequently from a bank, or Paypal or some additional establishment and it lures people into entering their private facts by next a relation to the phishing place of a ever so site.
The topical IRS rebates spawned a phishing scam, everyplace mass emails were sent with IRS logos informing taxpayers that they are due a rebate assessment but they be required to first abide by the IRS link and input their information to grasp the rebate. The link, of course, leads to a phishing place everyplace unsuspecting public enter personal information, like social confidence numbers which are at that moment hijacked by self thieves.
It is important to realize to most reputable companies do not frequently fire emails soliciting classified data. In fact, Paypal explicitly lets its users know with the intention of they never solicit customers via email in any way. The IRS has a fraud alert on their homepage advising taxpayers of such phishing scams. If you get emails like this just hit the SPAM close and run for your go or at the self-same least check through the body with the aim of sent the email in round about additional way.
There is also the danger of management addicted to a phishing position while web browsing, it is important to be inflicted with computer refuge software with the intention of command alert to phishing sites among real-time protection. Phishing refuge is NOT banner on all opposed to virus software and Malware deletion programs. while bearing in mind a refuge program turn into sure to give the impression of being for phishing protection.
A phishing spot is a duplicate of a legitimate site and it is fashioned to con users into sorting in and as a result stealing private information. Many phishing scams are perpetrated via dimension emails which alert the customer to about problem through your patron account or round about new hook, frequently from a bank, or Paypal or some additional establishment and it lures people into entering their private facts by next a relation to the phishing place of a ever so site.
The topical IRS rebates spawned a phishing scam, everyplace mass emails were sent with IRS logos informing taxpayers that they are due a rebate assessment but they be required to first abide by the IRS link and input their information to grasp the rebate. The link, of course, leads to a phishing place everyplace unsuspecting public enter personal information, like social confidence numbers which are at that moment hijacked by self thieves.
It is important to realize to most reputable companies do not frequently fire emails soliciting classified data. In fact, Paypal explicitly lets its users know with the intention of they never solicit customers via email in any way. The IRS has a fraud alert on their homepage advising taxpayers of such phishing scams. If you get emails like this just hit the SPAM close and run for your go or at the self-same least check through the body with the aim of sent the email in round about additional way.
There is also the danger of management addicted to a phishing position while web browsing, it is important to be inflicted with computer refuge software with the intention of command alert to phishing sites among real-time protection. Phishing refuge is NOT banner on all opposed to virus software and Malware deletion programs. while bearing in mind a refuge program turn into sure to give the impression of being for phishing protection.
school computer hacking sites
Spyware: menace Level - Low to Severe. Spyware is one of the most common types of Malware and regularly slows computer performance. Spyware spies on your web browsing activities and comes in forms of keyloggers (where your keystrokes are monitored), recording/sending your web browsing practice to a third party, causing unwanted pop-up adds, hijacking home/search pages and making changes to them, as so as, redirecting browsing results.
A Spyware infection can be caught in some ways. One way is by clicking on a bad tie as of a bad site. Two, out of insignificant windows of promotion that pop up during web browsing (pop-ups). Third, in attendance is come again? is called a drive-by manner download and that is everyplace Spyware infects computers without the user noticing, just by visiting a bad web page. Tip: All web browsers make available you to inspection a "block pop-ups" range which can be accessed beginning the browser toolbar under options.
Adware: risk Level: Low to Intermediate. Adware is marketing Display Software so as to delivers ads in a method or background that is unexpected, unsolicited and unthinkingly loaded. Many adware applications and perform tracking functions, and therefore may besides be categorized as Tracking Technologies. Adware causes pop-up windows in the midst of advertisements in the browser based on the information it collects as of the user's browsing patterns. Sometimes adware may be installed in conjunction with a companion Spyware program.
A Spyware infection can be caught in some ways. One way is by clicking on a bad tie as of a bad site. Two, out of insignificant windows of promotion that pop up during web browsing (pop-ups). Third, in attendance is come again? is called a drive-by manner download and that is everyplace Spyware infects computers without the user noticing, just by visiting a bad web page. Tip: All web browsers make available you to inspection a "block pop-ups" range which can be accessed beginning the browser toolbar under options.
Adware: risk Level: Low to Intermediate. Adware is marketing Display Software so as to delivers ads in a method or background that is unexpected, unsolicited and unthinkingly loaded. Many adware applications and perform tracking functions, and therefore may besides be categorized as Tracking Technologies. Adware causes pop-up windows in the midst of advertisements in the browser based on the information it collects as of the user's browsing patterns. Sometimes adware may be installed in conjunction with a companion Spyware program.
types of computer viruses
First, this is illegal, but that's a total new topic. With these types of downloads nearby is no way of intended what is in reality on these files and it is uncomplicated to download a deep viruses and principally a Trojan. These P2P sites should be avoided to ensure computer security. For a few bucks you can get above-board and safe melody downloads at sites resembling Napster and Rhapsody. Play it safe, paying the few bucks is in a good way value it, as it can keep loads of money, not to state the hassle of having to fix a hurt computer.
Worms: Threat raze to the ground - Severe. A computer Worm is a a brand of remarkably nasty Malware that is a self-replicating computer program, which at one stage roughly brought the entire Internet to its knees. different a virus, it doesn't attach itself to an untaken list and does not infect computer files, as a substitute it wrecks havoc on systems as it creates endless copies of itself, by means of the goal of taking up as a great deal space as achievable on the PC and creating encode problems.
Worms very nearly every time produce impairment to the network, if only by consuming bandwidth, but viruses roughly all the time damage or control files on a under attack computer. Internet worms are most prevalent at present in the form of news item attachments. Two of the most horrible worms yet were Mydoom and Morris.
Worms are frequently sent via electronic mail by attachments, you should not at all unwrap an attachment in your email commencing an new source. Also, when deciding on an anti virus safekeeping instruct it is key to make sure so as to the email scanner is activated and that the software covers protection, detection and removal skin tone for worms.
Worms: Threat raze to the ground - Severe. A computer Worm is a a brand of remarkably nasty Malware that is a self-replicating computer program, which at one stage roughly brought the entire Internet to its knees. different a virus, it doesn't attach itself to an untaken list and does not infect computer files, as a substitute it wrecks havoc on systems as it creates endless copies of itself, by means of the goal of taking up as a great deal space as achievable on the PC and creating encode problems.
Worms very nearly every time produce impairment to the network, if only by consuming bandwidth, but viruses roughly all the time damage or control files on a under attack computer. Internet worms are most prevalent at present in the form of news item attachments. Two of the most horrible worms yet were Mydoom and Morris.
Worms are frequently sent via electronic mail by attachments, you should not at all unwrap an attachment in your email commencing an new source. Also, when deciding on an anti virus safekeeping instruct it is key to make sure so as to the email scanner is activated and that the software covers protection, detection and removal skin tone for worms.
common types of computer viruses
While at hand are loads of changed viruses, the Trojan steed is one of the as a rule Spartan and all though menace severity levels vary surrounded by the various types of Trojans, basically they are all dangerous and should always be confined against. unhappily round about Trojans infect computers and produce such damage with the intention of it becomes irremediable and a reinstall of the whole in use scheme becomes necessary.
The best safeguard not in favor of computer viruses is prevention, early detection and removal. A sound anti-virus/ Malware security software can shield your computers and make available peace of mind once surfing the net.
P2P scrape division and Virus Dangers: One of the easiest customs to get a virus is by downloading unsafe freeware, shareware or person 2 self (P2P) from file allocation sites. particularly persons sites with the purpose of bestow P2P at no cost melody downloads. Some of these sites are Limewire, Bearshare and Morpheus. Users conceive a released account on these sites, download the software (which is every now and then full of Spyware/Adware on its own) and get contact to millions of further peoples collection through what is called the Gnutella Network. Users can search for MP3 melody library and download them on or after other people's computers over this Network.
The best safeguard not in favor of computer viruses is prevention, early detection and removal. A sound anti-virus/ Malware security software can shield your computers and make available peace of mind once surfing the net.
P2P scrape division and Virus Dangers: One of the easiest customs to get a virus is by downloading unsafe freeware, shareware or person 2 self (P2P) from file allocation sites. particularly persons sites with the purpose of bestow P2P at no cost melody downloads. Some of these sites are Limewire, Bearshare and Morpheus. Users conceive a released account on these sites, download the software (which is every now and then full of Spyware/Adware on its own) and get contact to millions of further peoples collection through what is called the Gnutella Network. Users can search for MP3 melody library and download them on or after other people's computers over this Network.
future trends and types of computer viruses
Computer security is an essential fraction of protection for your PC commencing the dangers lurking on the Internet, in fact, surfing the net devoid of Malware safety measures is be fond of walking because of a infirmary without an Immune System. There are zillions of threats, from minimal nuisances to harsh Malware to facilitate can fully and undyingly disable fundamental functions to where the whole in use practice needs to be reinstalled and all programs and records lost.
I'm sorry? is Malware: Malware is little for malicious language software (mal-ware), which includes any and all forms of secret language designed through malicious intent. Malware is the umbrella less than which all protection dangers exist, such as viruses, worms, spyware, phishing, adware, tracking cookies and rootkits.
I'm sorry? is a computer Virus: intimidation next to - Intermediate to Severe. A computer virus is a malicious system that adds itself to supplementary programs so as to subsist on the computer (host), including in use systems. scores of computer viruses spread quickly and wreck havoc on the arrangement host, as well as latent destruction of in use systems and data.
There are unique types of viruses and they range starting being a nuisance with the intention of constantly displays pop-ups to relentless dangers with the aim of scrub system files, fasten to registries, destroy the user's ability to log addicted to the Internet and even destroying the computer's in service system alongside by way of all the records to facilitate is on it. Unless you boast entirely backed-up the data on your PC, recovering that facts will be impossible if you have to re-install the operating routine after a virus infection.
I'm sorry? is Malware: Malware is little for malicious language software (mal-ware), which includes any and all forms of secret language designed through malicious intent. Malware is the umbrella less than which all protection dangers exist, such as viruses, worms, spyware, phishing, adware, tracking cookies and rootkits.
I'm sorry? is a computer Virus: intimidation next to - Intermediate to Severe. A computer virus is a malicious system that adds itself to supplementary programs so as to subsist on the computer (host), including in use systems. scores of computer viruses spread quickly and wreck havoc on the arrangement host, as well as latent destruction of in use systems and data.
There are unique types of viruses and they range starting being a nuisance with the intention of constantly displays pop-ups to relentless dangers with the aim of scrub system files, fasten to registries, destroy the user's ability to log addicted to the Internet and even destroying the computer's in service system alongside by way of all the records to facilitate is on it. Unless you boast entirely backed-up the data on your PC, recovering that facts will be impossible if you have to re-install the operating routine after a virus infection.
main types of computer viruses
Directory Virus
These types of computer viruses change paths which display anywhere the box file is located. When the infected program is executed, you are running a virus lacking even significant it.
record Infectors
The the largest part common types of computer viruses. They infect programs or executable files. They are time and again found on gratis programs you download off of the internet.
Companion Viruses
They get this famous person as they accompany additional files that exist previously on your computer.
FAT Virus
FAT stands for "file allocation table." This font of virus repeatedly outcome in missing in order
Worms
self-same comparable to a virus, but not hard to get rid of
Trojans or Trojan Horses/Logic Bombs
These are special beginning viruses in with the intention of they do not repeat
The best way to get rid of these harmful intruders is to use a spyware taking away program. It long for look at your PC for problems, eliminate them, and act to get them absent in the future.
These types of computer viruses change paths which display anywhere the box file is located. When the infected program is executed, you are running a virus lacking even significant it.
record Infectors
The the largest part common types of computer viruses. They infect programs or executable files. They are time and again found on gratis programs you download off of the internet.
Companion Viruses
They get this famous person as they accompany additional files that exist previously on your computer.
FAT Virus
FAT stands for "file allocation table." This font of virus repeatedly outcome in missing in order
Worms
self-same comparable to a virus, but not hard to get rid of
Trojans or Trojan Horses/Logic Bombs
These are special beginning viruses in with the intention of they do not repeat
The best way to get rid of these harmful intruders is to use a spyware taking away program. It long for look at your PC for problems, eliminate them, and act to get them absent in the future.
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